Jazz Styles Periods

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CHARACTERISTICS: Use of collective improvisation (polyphony). Front line of trumpet (or cornet), clarinet, trombone. New Orleans style typically included banjo and tuba, later replaced by guitar and string bass in Chicago Style. Chicago Style also typically adds saxophone to the front line. Use of flat four in New Orleans Style, later replaced by lighter two beat feel in Chicago Style: the time signature and rhythm changed from 4/4 to 2/4 (accenting beats 2 and 4, rather than 1 and 3). Modern drum set emerges when New Orleans musicians begin to consolidate the drum section (bass, snare, cymbals) commonly found in early New Orleans brass bands.

IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Louis Armstrong (cornet/trumpet), Bix Beiderbecke (cornet), Jelly Roll Morton (piano/composer), Sidney Bechet (soprano sax, clarinet), Buddy Bolden (cornet), Joe "King" Oliver (cornet/bandleader), Earl "Fatha" Hines (piano)...

CHARACTERISTICS: Most popular period in jazz history. Large ensembles, less improvisation, more emphasis on written arrangements. Emphasis on showmanship (band uniforms, theme songs, logos on stands, choreography, singers). Development of sections (saxes, trumpets, trombones, rhythm) based on the early model of the front line in New Orleans/Chicago Style Dixieland. Smoother swing feel (steady 4/4 time with emphasis on beats 2 & 4, walking bass, ride cymbal). Features of standard big band arrangements could include: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Cross-section voicing (a harmonized melodic line voiced using instruments from different sections within the band), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern).

IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Duke Ellington (piano/composer), Count Basie (piano/bandleader), Benny Goodman (clarinet/bandleader), Coleman Hawkins (tenor sax), Lester Young (tenor sax), Roy Eldridge (trumpet)...

CHARACTERISTICS: Small ensembles (trio, quartet, quintet). Focus on improvisation rather than on complex arrangements. Complex, angular melodies usually played in unison. Longer, irregular phrasing. Usually faster tempos than in swing. Emphasis on virtuosity, instrumental technique. Drummer is now more interactive (dropping bombs) with soloist. Use of contrafacts (original melody lines written over standard chord progressions). Increased harmonic complexities (alterations and substitutions of standard chord progressions).

IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Charlie Parker (alto sax), Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet), Bud Powell (piano), Thelonious Monk (piano/composer), Max Roach (drums), Dexter Gordon (tenor sax), J.J. Johnson (trombone)...

CHARACTERISTICS: Calm, unhurried approach to improvisation. Thinner textures, softer dynamics, smoother melodic phrasing. Horn players tend to play with a lighter, less harsh tone quality with little vibrato (influence of Lester Young). Less intense kicks/bombs by drummers, increased use of brushes. More intricate arrangements, an emphasis on composition. New instrumental combinations (flute, cello, french horn, oboe, etc.). Renewed interest of collective improvisation. Less obvious blues influence.

IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Miles Davis (trumpet), Dave Brubeck (piano/composer), Paul Desmond & Lee Konitz (alto sax), Lennie Tristano (piano/composer/teacher), Chet Baker (trumpet/vocals), Gerry Mulligan (bari sax/composer), Modern Jazz Quartet, Stan Getz (tenor sax), Gil Evans (piano/composer)...

CHARACTERISTICS: Raw, hard driving style with an emotional emphasis. Extensive use of the blues & gospel music. Emphasis on "groove" (funky), danceability and the "shuffle" rhythm. Latin elements and a "straight" eighth note feel used at times. Somewhat slower tempos and simpler melodies than in bop. Primarily black musicians from New York City, Detroit and Philadelphia.

IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Art Blakey (drums) & The Jazz Messengers, Horace Silver (piano), Sonny Rollins (tenor sax), John Coltrane (tenor sax), Hank Mobley (tenor sax), Clifford Brown (trumpet), Lee Morgan (trumpet), Cannonball Adderley (alto sax), Charles Mingus (bass/composer), Benny Golson (tenor sax/composer) & The Jazztet, Miles Davis' (trumpet) "classic" quintet (1955-59), The Oscar Peterson Trio, The Bill Evans Trio, Joe Henderson (tenor sax), Wes Montgomery (guitar), João Gilberto (guitar/vocals/composer), Tom Jobim (composer/arranger/piano/vocals), Vinícius de Moraes (vocals/songwriter)...

CHARACTERISTICS: Open or free forms; tunes often complete improvisations. Lack of preset chord changes. Usually dense textures, high energy playing (energy music). Collective improvisation of a more dissonant, atonal nature. Oftentimes ensembles omit use of a piano or chord instrument. Experimental instruments & instrumentations. Use of unorthodox sounds (squeaks, screams, noise, etc) and extended techniques (altissimo register, multiphonics, etc). Interest in non-western musical concepts (world music) and 20th century classical composers such as John Cage and Karlheinz Stockhausen.

IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Ornette Coleman (alto sax/composer), Cecil Taylor (piano/composer), Albert Ayler (tenor sax), Anthony Braxton (saxophones/composer)...

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CHARACTERISTICS: Extensive use of electronic instruments: electric piano (Fender Rhodes), synthesizers (multiple keyboards), electric bass (bass guitar), electric guitar, electronic modifications on acoustic instruments. Focus of attention on the rhythm section. More attention on studio recording technology and the process of recording. More emphasis on straight eighth note feel (rock) than on swing. Harmony often simple chord repetitions (static harmony, vamps). Bass lines often repetitive. Pieces range from simple melodies with vamps and open forms to complex through-composed , sectionalized compositions. Saxophones used more often than brass instruments.

IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Miles Davis (trumpet/bandleader: Bitches' Brew, In A Silent Way), Chick Corea (keyboards/leader: Return to Forever), Herbie Hancock (piano/leader/composer), Wayne Shorter (tenor/soprano sax), Weather Report (group), Tony Williams (drums/composer), John McLaughlin (guitar/leader: Mahavishnu Orchestra)...

CHARACTERISTICS: No single dominant stylistic trend has emerged in the 1980s or 90s. Instead, a continuation of previous styles, crossovers, and new styles derived from various sources are common. Some notable trends within this eclecticism seem to be: 1) a further sophistication of electronic jazz through the use of computers, 2) a resurgent neo-bop and neo-traditionalist movement (Neo-Classicism), 3) expanded instrumental & vocal techniques, 4) a greater involvement of women, and 5) the growth of European and "world music" jazz styles.

IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Pat Metheny Group (fusion band), Michael Brecker (tenor sax: also founding member of fusion group Steps Ahead), Wynton Marsalis (trumpet/composer: associated with Neo-Classic movement), Joe Lovano (tenor sax), Kenny Garrett (alto sax), Don Byron (clarinet/composer), Dave Douglas (trumpet/composer), Bobby McFerrin (voice), Steve Coleman (alto sax: associated with M-BASE movement), Cassandra Wilson (voice: associated with M-BASE movement), Dave Sanborn (alto sax), Chick Corea's Elektric Band (fusion band), John Scofield (guitar), Keith Jarrett Trio (piano/bass/drums acoustic jazz trio)...



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Red Garland Trio with Art PepperBrad Mehldau TrioTony Williams' MusicJohn Coltrane Leader AlbumVictor Feldman TrioOscar Pettiford's MusicGerry Mulligan QuartetCedar Walton's MusicDonald Byrd Leader AlbumMiles Davis Quintet with John ColtraneJackie McLean's MusicLou Donaldson Leader AlbumUmbria JazzOrnette Coleman Leader AlbumSonny Rollins' MusicCharles Mingus Leader AlbumMiles Davis' Second Great QuintetEsbjörn Svensson TrioIrving Berlin's MusicDave Holland Big BandCharles Mingus TrioToots Thielemans's MusicFrank Loesser's MusicFreddie Hubbard's MusicJimmy Rowles with Ray BrownTadd Dameron Leader AlbumThe Oscar Peterson Trio with Ben WebsterMcCoy Tyner's MusicDave Holland QuintetMichel Petrucciani Leader AlbumSonny Rollins Leader AlbumThe Blanton–Webster BandSam Jones Leader AlbumGeorges Arvanitas TrioColtrane ChangesPat Metheny with Charlie HadenCharlie Haden's MusicRoy Haynes Leader AlbumThe Ron Carter NonetRay Brown TrioDexter Gordon's MusicHampton Hawes' MusicJazz with String OrchestraHerbie Hancock Leader AlbumDuke Ellington's MusicOliver Nelson's MusicBrad Mehldau's MusicRed Garland TrioSonny Rollins in EuropeSonny Clark Leader AlbumSonny Clark's MusicAllan Holdsworth Leader AlbumBennie Moten's MusicHank Mobley Leader AlbumSonny Stitt Leader AlbumPaul Desmond Leader AlbumMel Lewis SextetThelonious Monk TrioJimmy Van Heusen's MusicThe Ornette Coleman QuartetQuincy Jones and his OrchestraDave Brubeck's MusicJohnny Hartman Leader AlbumPat Metheny with Jim HallChet Baker Sings and PlaysSonny Rollins TrioJackie McLean Leader AlbumElla Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong with Oscar Peterson QuartetJim Hall with Ron CarterThe Poll WinnersBud Powell TrioArt Blakey & The Jazz MessengersBob Dylan's MusicThelonious Monk Leader AlbumRay Noble's MusicJohn Lewis' MusicMilt Jackson QuartetGerry Mulligan's MusicWarne Marsh Leader AlbumAhmad Jamal's MusicErroll Garner at the PianoHorace Silver and the Jazz MessengersFrank Sinatra SingsBill Stewart Leader AlbumWayne Shorter's MusicTwo Double BassesMonk in TokyoDado Moroni with Tom HarrellLee Morgan's MusicEric Dolphy Leader AlbumLennon - 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Hart's MusicThe Modern Jazz QuartetDexter Gordon QuartetCarla Bley's MusicJerome Kern's MusicShorty Rogers and his giantsRay Brown Trio with Ulf WakeniusGeorge Shearing's MusicBarry Harris TrioBilly Strayhorn's MusicWynton Kelly's MusicJoe Henderson's MusicBill Mobley Leader AlbumCannonball Adderley's MusicCharles McPherson Leader AlbumThe Jim Hall QuartetMiles Davis QuintetCharlie Parker's MusicSam Jones' MusicJohn Coltrane QuartetJohn Coltrane Quartet with Johnny HartmanPat Metheny Leader AlbumPorgy and BessKind of BlueKenny Burrel's MusicPaul Chambers Leader AlbumLouis Armstrong & His All-StarsJunior Mance TrioCedar Walton Leader AlbumBill Evans QuintetThe Great Jazz TrioCharlie Parker's ReboppersPat Metheny GroupJay Jay Johnson Leader AlbumThe Horace Silver QuintetSwedish JazzThe Oscar Peterson TrioBill Evans TrioCannonball Adderley QuintetVictor Feldman's MusicKenny Burrell Leader AlbumBlue Mitchell QuartetRadiohead's MusicItalian Jazz MusiciansChicago JazzSonny Rollins Quartet with John ColtraneBobby Timmons TrioMiles Davis' MusicThe Count Basie OrchestraBill Evans with Eddie GomezOliver Nelson Leader AlbumThelonious Monk QuartetKeith Jarrett TrioEsperanza Spalding Leader AlbumLiberation Music OrchestraKenny Barron with Dave HollandCole Porter's MusicDave Holland SextetMcCoy Tyner at the PianoBen Webster with Harry Sweets EdisonBenny Golson's MusicHammerstein - 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